Meanwhile, those particulars enthralled Thorne, his students and many other physicists, who spent years exploring traversable wormholes and their theoretical implications. Sagan used the trick in Contact, attributing the invention of the exotic material to an earlier, lost civilization to avoid getting into particulars. The material would possess negative energy, which would deflect radiation and repulse space-time apart from itself.

He figured out that such a civilization could in fact line the throat of a wormhole with вЂњexotic materialвЂќ that counteracts its tendency to collapse. While the simplest theoretical wormholes immediately collapse and disappear before anything can get through, Thorne wondered whether it might be possible for an вЂњinfinitely advancedвЂќ sci-fi civilization to stabilize a wormhole long enough for something or someone to traverse it.

But it occurred to him that she might make use of another kind of hole consistent with Albert EinsteinвЂ™s general theory of relativity: a tunnel or вЂњwormholeвЂќ connecting distant locations in space-time. Thorne knew that Arroway couldnвЂ™t get to Vega via a black hole, which is thought to trap and destroy anything that falls in. The Cornell University astrophysicist and television star consulted his friend Kip Thorne, a black hole expert at the California Institute of Technology (who won a Nobel Prize earlier this month). He had her enter a black hole and exit light-years away, but he didnвЂ™t know if this made any sense. Ellie Arroway from Earth to the star Vega.

In 1985, when Carl Sagan was writing the novel Contact, he needed to quickly transport his protagonist Dr.

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